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U Sports men's ice hockey championship

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U Sports men's ice hockey championship
Current season, competition or edition:
Current sports event 2025 U Sports University Cup
SportIce hockey
Founded1963; 61 years ago (1963)
First season1963
Organising bodyU Sports
No. of teams8
CountryCanada
Most recent
champion(s)
UNB Reds (10th title)
Most titlesAlberta Golden Bears (16)
Official websiteusports.ca/en/championships/hockey/m Edit this at Wikidata

The U Sports Men's Ice Hockey Championship, is a Canadian university ice hockey tournament conducted by U Sports, and determines the men's national champion. The tournament involves the champions from each of Canada's four regional sports conferences. The David Johnston University Cup is awarded to the winners.

The UNB Reds are the current champions for the 2023–24 season. The Alberta Golden Bears hold the record of 16 championship wins, as well as the record of 24 championship final appearances. The Toronto Varsity Blues hold the record of 5 consecutive championship trophy wins, from 1969 through 1973, but have not returned to the tournament since 1993, when they suffered the second most lopsided loss in a UCup final, 12–1. Alternatively, during their power years, winning 9 UCups in the 1960s and 1970s, the Blues were the victors in the overall most lopsided final, winning 16–2 in 1967. In the seven years from 2013 through 2019, only the Alberta Golden Bears (3 wins) or the UNB Reds (4 wins) won the championship. The currently dominant UNB Reds have won four of the last six UCups.

History

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The trophy was presented to U Sports, then known as the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CIAU), for presentation to a national champion starting with the 1962–63 season, by Queen's University and the Royal Military College of Canada. These two schools, located in Kingston, Ontario, had been the participants in the first organized interuniversity hockey game, played in Kingston in 1885.[1] The cup is meant to recognize the overall contribution made to the game of hockey by outstanding university players.

The CIAU changed its name to Canadian Interuniversity Sport (renaming the trophy the CIS University Cup) in 2001, and again in October 2016 to U Sports (renaming the trophy the U Sports University Cup).

The original University Cup is located at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto and does not travel publicly. A replica was created with a less ornate cup in 2006. Between 2006 and 2015, the trophy has been modified after several repairs - the metal bowl is now of simpler design, and mounts more flush to the main wooden portion. The two handles that used to be attached to the bowl, and frequently broke off, were removed. An additional black wooden ring was added to the bottom of the trophy in order to incorporate more school shields, as an engraved metal shield, with diagonal stripes in the winning school's colours, is added to the trophy every year.

On March 13, 2018, U Sports renamed the cup the David Johnston University Cup in honour of David Johnston, former Governor General of Canada.[2]

The 2020 championship was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic after two quarter-final games had already been played.[3] On October 15, 2020, the 2021 inception was also cancelled.[4]

With the completion of the 2023–24 championship, 27 different teams have played in the national championship final (however Sir George Williams University merged with Loyola College in 1974 to create Concordia University, so it could be described as 26 different teams). In all, 17 different teams have won the national championship.

The winningest coaches are Tom Watt and former UNB coach Gardiner MacDougall, whom, at the helm of the Toronto Varsity Blues and Reds respectively, won nine University Cup championships between 1966 and 1977 and 2007 and 2024. Clare Drake sits second, coaching the Alberta Golden Bears to six University Cup championships between 1964 and 1986.

Format

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Pre 1998

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A varying number of tournament formats had been used prior to 1998. Towards the end of this era, the common format was a 4-team single elimination event between the four conference champions: AUS (called the AUAA at the time - Atlantic University Athletic Association), CW (called the CWUAA at the time - Canada West Universities Athletic Association) and OUA East & West (called the OUAA at the time - Ontario Universities Athletics Association), with the Top 10 ranking determining the opponents in the semi-finals (1v4 and 2v3). In most cases, the semi-finals were on Saturday with the championship game on Sunday. Games were hosted at Varsity Arena in Toronto. In some events, the finals were at Maple Leaf Gardens[5]

1998–2014

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Starting in 1998, the CIS changed the format of the University Cup tournament to a six-team/two-pool tournament that would be hosted by a CIS member institution/team rather than in Toronto at Varsity Arena. The host would automatically be included in the tournament leaving five spots for regional representatives. The three conference champions and OUA Queen's Cup Runner-up would automatically be included with the fifth spot as a rotating 'wild-card' team. The University of Saskatchewan Huskies won the bid to host the first three (3) tournaments: 1998, 1999 and 2000.

The wild-card selection was initially chosen based on a static rotation through each conference starting with the AUS in 1998 followed by the OUA and CW, repeating on a tri-year cycle. Due to the random nature of the host bidding process, some tournaments saw more local teams then expected when the host advanced as a conference champion. It was possible for CW or AUS hosts to have 3 teams from their conference or 4 teams in the case of an OUA host who was also a champion. To reduce the local bias, the rotation selection rule was changed prior to the 2009 season - the wild-card would now only come from a non-host conference while maintaining the rotation. In 2009 the OUA was the host conference (Lakehead University) and should have also been the original wild-card conference, instead the AUS provided the wild-card. This rule remained in effect until the format changed in 2015 to 8 teams.

2015–present

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Starting in 2015, the tournament expanded from six to eight teams and moved from a two-pool format to a single-elimination competition (quarter-finals, semifinals and gold-medal final plus a bronze-medal game).

The eight teams competing include the four regional conference champions: AUS, Canada West, OUA West and OUA East (where the three men's hockey teams from the RSEQ compete). The remaining four teams are: the host, the Canada West runner-up, the AUS runner-up and the OUA 3rd-place finisher (bronze medalist). The 'natural' conference champions are seeded 1–3; AUS, CW and OUA Queen's Cup Champion (in ranked order). The OUA Queen's Cup Finalist is always seed No. 4. The remaining teams are seeded 5–7, all based on the pre-tournament Top 10 Ranking Poll with the expectation that the host is likely 8th.[6]

A joint bid from St. Francis Xavier University and Saint Mary's University was selected to host the first two events using this format; 2015 (St. FX as the host) and 2016 (SMU as the host). U Sports evaluated those two events and continues to use this tournament format.

Results

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Cup champions
Year Champion Runner-up Score Host university Location
1963 McMaster Marlins (1) UBC Thunderbirds 3–2 Queen's & RMC Ontario Kingston, Ontario
1964 Alberta Golden Bears (1) Sir George Williams Georgians 9–1 Queen's & RMC Ontario Kingston, Ontario
1965 Manitoba Bisons (1) St. Dunstan's Saints 9–2 Manitoba Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba
1966 Toronto Varsity Blues (1) Alberta Golden Bears 8–1 Laurentian Ontario Sudbury, Ontario
1967 Toronto Varsity Blues (2) Laurentian Voyageurs 16–2 Calgary & Alberta Alberta Calgary, Alberta
1968 Alberta Golden Bears (2) Loyola Warriors 5–4 Sir George Williams,
Loyola & MacDonald
Quebec Montreal, Quebec
1969 Toronto Varsity Blues (3) Sir George Williams Georgians 4–2 Alberta Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
1970 Toronto Varsity Blues (4) Saint Mary's Huskies 3–2 UPEI Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI
1971 Toronto Varsity Blues (5) Saint Mary's Huskies 5–4 Laurentian Ontario Sudbury, Ontario
1972 Toronto Varsity Blues (6) Saint Mary's Huskies 5–0 Bishop's & Sherbrooke Quebec Sherbrooke, Quebec
1973 Toronto Varsity Blues (7) Saint Mary's Huskies 3–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1974 Waterloo Warriors (1) Sir George Williams Georgians 6–5 (OT) Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1975 Alberta Golden Bears (3) Toronto Varsity Blues 5–2 Alberta Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
1976 Toronto Varsity Blues (8) Guelph Gryphons 7–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1977 Toronto Varsity Blues (9) Alberta Golden Bears 4–1 Alberta Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
1978 Alberta Golden Bears (4) Toronto Varsity Blues 6–5 Moncton New Brunswick Moncton, New Brunswick
1979 Alberta Golden Bears (5) Dalhousie Tigers 5–1 Concordia Quebec Montreal, Quebec
1980 Alberta Golden Bears (6) Regina Cougars 7–3 Regina Saskatchewan Regina, Saskatchewan
1981 Moncton Aigles Bleus (1) Saskatchewan Huskies 4–2 Calgary Alberta Calgary, Alberta
1982 Moncton Aigles Bleus (2) Saskatchewan Huskies 3–2 Moncton New Brunswick Moncton, New Brunswick
1983 Saskatchewan Huskies (1) Concordia Stingers 6–2 Moncton New Brunswick Moncton, New Brunswick
1984 Toronto Varsity Blues (10) Concordia Stingers 9–1 UQTR Quebec Trois-Rivières, Quebec
1985 York Yeomen (1) Alberta Golden Bears 3–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1986 Alberta Golden Bears (7) UQTR Patriotes 5–2 Alberta Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
1987 UQTR Patriotes (1) Saskatchewan Huskies 6–3 Alberta Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
1988 York Yeomen (2) Western Ontario Mustangs 5–3 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1989 York Yeomen (3) Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks 5–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1990 Moncton Aigles Bleus (3) Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks 2–1 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1991 UQTR Patriotes (2) Alberta Golden Bears 7–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1992 Alberta Golden Bears (8) Acadia Axemen 5–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1993 Acadia Axemen (1) Toronto Varsity Blues 12–1 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1994 Lethbridge Pronghorns (1) Guelph Gryphons 5–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1995 Moncton Aigles Bleus (4) Guelph Gryphons 5–1 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1996 Acadia Axemen (2) Waterloo Warriors 3–2 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1997 Guelph Gryphons (1) UNB Varsity Reds 4–3 Toronto Ontario Toronto, Ontario
1998 UNB Varsity Reds (1) Acadia Axemen 6–3 Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
1999 Alberta Golden Bears (9) Moncton Aigles Bleus 6–2 Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
2000 Alberta Golden Bears (10) UNB Varsity Reds 5–4 (2OT) Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
2001 UQTR Patriotes (3) St. Francis Xavier X-Men 5–4 Guelph, Laurier & Waterloo Ontario Waterloo, Ontario
2002 Western Ontario Mustangs (1) UQTR Patriotes 4–3 (3OT) Guelph, Laurier & Waterloo Ontario Waterloo, Ontario
2003 UQTR Patriotes (4) St. Francis Xavier X-Men 3–0 UNB New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick
2004 St. Francis Xavier X-Men (1) UNB Varsity Reds 3–2 (2OT) UNB New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick
2005 Alberta Golden Bears (11) Saskatchewan Huskies 4–3 (OT) Alberta Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
2006 Alberta Golden Bears (12) Lakehead Thunderwolves 3–2 Alberta Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
2007 UNB Varsity Reds (2) Moncton Aigles Bleus 3–2 (2OT) Moncton New Brunswick Moncton, New Brunswick
2008 Alberta Golden Bears (13) UNB Varsity Reds 3–2 Moncton New Brunswick Moncton, New Brunswick
2009 UNB Varsity Reds (3) Western Ontario Mustangs 4–2 Lakehead Ontario Thunder Bay, Ontario
2010 Saint Mary's Huskies (1) Alberta Golden Bears 3–2 (OT) Lakehead Ontario Thunder Bay, Ontario
2011 UNB Varsity Reds (4) McGill Redmen 4–0 UNB New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick
2012 McGill Redmen (1) Western Ontario Mustangs 4–3 (OT) UNB New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick
2013 UNB Varsity Reds (5) Saint Mary's Huskies 2–0 Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
2014 Alberta Golden Bears (14) Saskatchewan Huskies 3–1 Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
2015 Alberta Golden Bears (15) UNB Varsity Reds 6–3 St. FX Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia
2016 UNB Varsity Reds (6) St. Francis Xavier X-Men 3–1 Saint Mary's Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia
2017 UNB Varsity Reds (7) Saskatchewan Huskies 5–3 UNB New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick
2018 Alberta Golden Bears (16) St. Francis Xavier X-Men 4–2 UNB New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick
2019 UNB Reds[a] (8) Alberta Golden Bears 4–2 Lethbridge Alberta Lethbridge, Alberta
2020 Cancelled after first two (of eight) games due to COVID-19 pandemic[3]
2021 Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic[4]
2022 UQTR Patriotes (5) Alberta Golden Bears 5–4 (2OT) Acadia Nova Scotia Wolfville, Nova Scotia
2023 UNB Reds (9) Alberta Golden Bears 3–0 UPEI Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI
2024 UNB Reds (10) UQTR Patriotes 4–0 TMU Ontario Toronto, Ontario
2025 Ottawa Ontario Ottawa, Ontario
2026 Saint Mary’s Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia
2027 UQTR Quebec Trois-Rivières, Quebec
2028 UNB New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick
  1. ^ UNB Reds shortened their name from UNB Varsity Reds as of 2018

Finals appearances

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These tables rank appearances in the final championship game.

The UNB Reds after winning the 2023 University Cup in Charlottetown, PEI on March 19, 2023

By team

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Appearances by team
Appearances Team Wins Losses Win %
24 Alberta Golden Bears 16 8 .666
13 Toronto Varsity Blues 10 3 .769
15 UNB Reds[a] 10 5 .666
7 Saskatchewan Huskies 1 6 .142
6 Moncton Aigles Bleus 4 2 .666
8 UQTR Patriotes 5 3 .625
6 Saint Mary's Huskies 1 5 .167
5 St. Francis Xavier X-Men 1 4 .200
4 Acadia Axemen 2 2 .500
4 Guelph Gryphons 1 3 .250
4 Western Mustangs 1 3 .250
3 York Lions 3 0 1.000
3 Sir George Williams Georgians[b] 0 3 .000
2 McGill Redbirds 1 1 .500
2 Waterloo Warriors 1 1 .500
2 Concordia Stingers[b] 0 2 .000
2 Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks 0 2 .000
1 Lethbridge Pronghorns 1 0 1.000
1 Manitoba Bisons 1 0 1.000
1 McMaster Marauders 1 0 1.000
1 Dalhousie Tigers 0 1 .000
1 Lakehead Thunderwolves 0 1 .000
1 Laurentian Voyageurs 0 1 .000
1 Loyola Warriors[b] 0 1 .000
1 Regina Cougars 0 1 .000
1 St. Dunstan's Saints[c] 0 1 .000
1 UBC Thunderbirds 0 1 .000
120 Total for 27 teams 60 60
  1. ^ UNB Reds shortened their name from UNB Varsity Reds as of 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Sir George Williams University merged with Loyola College in 1974 to create Concordia University.
  3. ^ St. Dunstan's University merged with Prince of Wales College in 1969 to form the University of Prince Edward Island.

By team's province

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Appearances by team's province
Appearances Province Teams Wins Losses Win %
31 Ontario 9 17 14 .548
25 Alberta 2 17 8 .680
21 New Brunswick 2 14 7 .666
16 Nova Scotia 4 4 12 .250
16 Quebec 5 6 10 .375
8 Saskatchewan 2 1 7 .125
1 Manitoba 1 1 0 1.000
1 British Columbia 1 0 1 .000
1 Prince Edward Island 1 0 1 .000
120 Total for 9 provinces 27 60 60

The only province missing from this list, Newfoundland and Labrador, has only one U Sports member, Memorial University of Newfoundland. Memorial dropped their varsity men's hockey team after the 1981–82 season.

Location

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By city

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Tournament locations by city
City Hosted Most recent
Ontario Toronto, Ontario 15 2024
Alberta Edmonton, Alberta 7 2006
New Brunswick Fredericton, New Brunswick 6 2018
New Brunswick Moncton, New Brunswick 5 2008
Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 5 2014
Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia 3[a] 2020
Alberta Calgary, Alberta 2 1981
Ontario Kingston, Ontario 2 1964
Quebec Montreal, Quebec 2 1979
Ontario Sudbury, Ontario 2 1971
Ontario Thunder Bay, Ontario 2 2010
Ontario Waterloo, Ontario 2 2002
Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island 2[b] 2023
Alberta Lethbridge, Alberta 1 2019
Saskatchewan Regina, Saskatchewan 1 1980
Quebec Sherbrooke, Quebec 1 1972
Quebec Trois-Rivières, Quebec 1 1984
Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba 1 1965
Nova Scotia Wolfville, Nova Scotia 1 2022
Total for 19 Cities 61 2024
  1. ^ Halifax includes 2020, as it did host the teams and the first two (of eight) games before the tournament was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic[3]
  2. ^ Charlottetown does not include 2021, as the tournament was cancelled in its entirety, five months before its scheduled start, due to the COVID-19 pandemic[4]

By province

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Tournament locations by province
Province Hosted Most recent
Ontario Ontario 23 2024
New Brunswick New Brunswick 11 2018
Alberta Alberta 10 2019
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan 6 2014
Quebec Quebec 4 1984
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia 4 2022
Manitoba Manitoba 1 1965
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island 2 2023
Total for 8 Provinces 61 2024

British Columbia is the only province to have a team play in the championship final (UBC Thunderbirds were runners-up in the original 1963 competition, nothing else since then), but to never host the championships. The other province missing from this list, Newfoundland and Labrador, had not yet hosted yet when it withdrew from varsity men's hockey after the 1981–82 season.

Awards

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In addition to the University Cup, the Major W.J. "Danny" McLeod Award is presented following the conclusion of the tournament to the individual deemed Most Valuable Player.

Major McLeod was the overall athletic director at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), was the coach of RMC's ice hockey team, and simultaneously coached two Kingston teams in the Ontario Hockey Association – the Kingston Frontenacs (Junior B) and the Kingston Aces (Senior A).[7] McLeod was instrumental in establishing the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CIAU) in 1961, operating the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer.[8] He helped create the national university ice hockey championship tournament, which was hosted by RMC for its first two years (1963 and 1964).

Major W.J. "Danny" McLeod Award winners[9]
Year Player Position Team
1963 Bill Mahoney Forward McMaster Marlins
1964 Dave Dies Defenceman Sir George Williams Georgians[a]
1965 no MVP selected
1966 Tom Purser Goaltender St. Francis Xavier X-Men[a]
1967 (data, if any, unavailable)
1968 Ron Cebryk Forward Alberta Golden Bears
1969 John Wright[b] Toronto Varsity Blues
1970 Chuck Goddard Goaltender Saint Mary's Huskies[a]
1971 Ron Hindson Forward
1972 John Wright[b] Toronto Varsity Blues
1973 Gord Davies
1974 Bernie Wolfe Goaltender Sir George Williams Georgians[a]
1975 Dale Henwood Alberta Golden Bears
1976 Kent Ruhnke Forward Toronto Varsity Blues
1977 Rocci Pagnello Defenceman
1978 Kevin Primeau Forward Alberta Golden Bears
1979 Dave Hindmarch
1980 Chris Helland
1981 Benoit Fortier Goaltender Moncton Aigles Bleus
1982 Alain Grenier Forward
1983 Willie Desjardins Saskatchewan Huskies
1984 André Hidi Toronto Varsity Blues
1985 Don McLaren York Yeomen
1986 Dennis Cranston Alberta Golden Bears
1987 Marc Gervais UQTR Patriotes
1988 Brian Gray York Yeomen
1989 Mark Applewhaite Goaltender
1990 Rob Dopson Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks[a]
1991 Denis Desbiens UQTR Patriotes
1992 Garth Premak Defenceman Alberta Golden Bears
1993 George Dupont Forward Acadia Axemen
1994 Trevor Ellerman Lethbridge Pronghorns
1995 Dominic Rhéaume Moncton Aigles Bleus
1996 Greg Clancy Acadia Axemen
1997 Matt Mullin Goaltender Guelph Gryphons
1998 Chris Zanutto Defenceman UNB Varsity Reds
1999 Cam Danyluk Forward Alberta Golden Bears
2000 Kevin Marsh
2001 Alexandre Tremblay UQTR Patriotes
2002 Mike D'Alessandro Goaltender Western Ontario Mustangs
2003 Éric Desjardins UQTR Patriotes
2004 Mike Mole St. Francis Xavier X-Men
2005 Ben Thomson Forward Alberta Golden Bears
2006 Harlan Anderson Defenceman
2007 Yvan Busque Forward Moncton Aigles Bleus[a]
2008 Ian McDonald Alberta Golden Bears
2009 Lachlan MacIntosh UNB Varsity Reds
2010 Andrew Hotham Defenceman Saint Mary's Huskies
2011 Luke Gallant UNB Varsity Reds
2012 Francis Verreault-Paul Forward McGill Redmen
2013 Tyler Carroll UNB Varsity Reds
2014 Derek Hulak Saskatchewan Huskies[a]
2015 Kruise Reddick Alberta Golden Bears
2016 Philippe Halley UNB Varsity Reds
2017 Philippe Maillet
2018 Stephane Legault Alberta Golden Bears
2019 Alex Dubeau Goaltender UNB Reds[c]
2020 Not awarded, only two (of 8) games played due to COVID-19 pandemic[3]
2021 No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic[3]
2022 Alexis Gravel Goaltender UQTR Patriotes
2023 Samuel Richard UNB Reds
2024 Brady Gilmour Forward UNB Reds
  1. ^ a b c d e f g The Award winner was not from that year's Cup-winning champion
  2. ^ a b John Wright is the only multiple-time winner of the Award (1969, 1972)
  3. ^ UNB Reds shortened their name from UNB Varsity Reds as of 2018

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "History". U Sports. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  2. ^ "U Sports men's hockey trophy named after former Governor-General David Johnston". Retrieved March 13, 2018 – via The Globe and Mail.
  3. ^ a b c d e "U Sports hockey championships cancelled due to COVID-19 outbreak". Sportsnet. March 12, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "U Sports unable to offer national championships in winter 2021". usports.ca. U Sports. October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  5. ^ "1996-97 Guelph Men's Hockey". Guelph University Athletics. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  6. ^ "U Sports Playing Regulations: Men's Ice Hockey" (PDF). U Sports. September 2021.
  7. ^ RMC Club staff writers (March 12, 2017). "Wall of Distinction: Tony Golab & Danny McLeod". e-VERITAS. Royal Military College of Canada Alumni Club. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  8. ^ Cates, Darren (June 12, 2011). "'The Major' – A Founding Father – Receives Standing "O" at CIS Banquet". e-VERITAS. Royal Military College of Canada Alumni Club. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  9. ^ "Major W.J. 'Danny' McLeod Award (Championship MVP)" (PDF). U Sports. March 17, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
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