Mesklin
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 | This article possibly contains original research. (September 2009) |
| Mesklin | |
|---|---|
| First appearance | Mission of Gravity (1953) |
| Created by | Hal Clement |
| In-universe information | |
| Type | Supergiant planet |
Mesklin is a fictional supergiant planet created by Hal Clement and used in a number of his hard science fiction stories.
It is distinctive for the interaction of its strong gravity with the centrifugal force due to its fast rotation, originating, according to Clement's original calculations, a gradient in the perceived force of gravity from 3 g on the equator to 665 g on the planet's poles.
Fictional description
[edit]Mesklin is a planet in the 61 Cygni binary star system.[1] Its mass is sixteen times that of Jupiter, or 4,800 times Earth mass.[2][3] It has a very high rate of rotation, one day on the planet lasting only eighteen minutes.[1] As a result, the planet is significantly flattened with a large equatorial bulge: the diameter at the equator is 48,000 miles (77,000 km) while the diameter between the poles is slightly below 20,000 miles (32,000 km); the diameter of Earth, for comparison, is roughly 8,000 miles (13,000 km).[1][2][4] The planet thus has a significantly higher mass than Jupiter within a much smaller volume, and its core is made up of collapsed matter.[2][5] It is orbited by two small moons and a large ring system.[3][4]
Appearances
[edit]The planet first appeared Hal Clement's novel Mission of Gravity (1954), which was first serialized in Astounding Science Fiction (April–July 1953);[6] in the June 1953 issue, alongside the third of the four serial instalments, was included a 13-page article by Clement titled "Whirligig World" describing the planet in detail.[3][7] Clement later wrote an additional three fictional works using the planet or its denizens: the sequel novel Star Light (1971) and the short stories "Lecture Demonstration" (1974) and "Under" (2000).[8] The book Heavy Planet (2002) is a collection of these five Mesklin-related works.[9][10]
In "Whirligig World", Clement encouraged other authors to use Mesklin as a setting for their stories provided that they stay within "reasonable scientific standards", while acknowledging that to be "certainly an elastic requirement in the field of science fiction".[11]: 107 [12]
Concept and creation
[edit]Clement based the world on an object then thought to exist in the 61 Cygni system, which had been detected by analysis of the motion of the two already known stars in the system. Further analysis with more extensive data led to the conclusion that the find had been erroneous.
Clement decided, since its mass was 16 times that of Jupiter, Mesklin would have an extremely large angular frequency to partly counter its gravity in order to allow humans to visit part of it. He wanted the equatorial gravity to be 3 g, so he determined the period necessary to make this occur: each Mesklin day is 17.75 minutes long given that the planet rotates approximately 20 degrees a minute.
As a result of this extremely large rate of spin, Mesklin is not even slightly spherical; it has a large equatorial bulge. Mesklin's equatorial diameter is 48,000 miles (77,250 km), while from pole-to-pole along its axis of rotation it is 19,740 miles (31,770 km). Then Clement attempted to calculate the polar gravity, finding it surprisingly difficult. He admits, "To be perfectly frank, I don't know the exact value of the polar gravity; the planet is so oblate that the usual rule of spheres... would not even be a good approximation..." "Whirligig World" reports his initial calculations of the pole gravity to be 655 g; the dust jacket of Heavy Planet reports it as 700 g. A later program created by Clement computed it as 275 g, as did a similar program written by the MIT Science Fiction Society. The MIT group also concluded that the planet would have had a sharp edge at the equator.[13]
Clement assumed Mesklin's orbit around its star (which he decided would be 61 Cygni A) took 1,800 Earth-days, and was highly elliptical: at its closest point the average temperature would be −50 °C, while at the furthest its average temperature would be −180 °C. Since the orbit is eccentric it moves rapidly past its sun at the closest point, so its temperature would be around −170 °C most of the time.
Clement decided this imaginary world would have native life-forms, that they would be based on methane (CH4), and there would be oceans of methane. However, methane has a low boiling point, suggesting that Mesklin's sun might boil its oceans and cause the methane to escape the planet entirely. Thus, the writer arranged the planet so its northern hemisphere's midsummer occurs when it is nearest its sun. Thus, the northern hemisphere would develop a large frozen methane cap during most of its year; the southern hemisphere (where most creatures live) is protected from the sun's closest approach by the rest of the planet. He also asserted the planet would have a fairly rapid precession.
Clement noted that several of his story ideas resulted from a personal tendency to react contrarily to certain "common sense" assertions, which had the nature of "of course": [some situation] has [some certain characteristic], but of course it cannot have [some other characteristic]. The notion of Mesklin's odd configuration stemmed from the fact that there were science fiction stories that featured low-gravity planets and high-gravity planets, but of course no single planet could have both low and high gravity.
Legacy and analysis
[edit]Mesklin, "Whirligig World", and the Clement stories based on them are important in science fiction because they illustrated how to carefully incorporate all known (at the time) scientific facts into an interesting setting, which could then be used as a basis to create interesting stories. They were also the first stories set outside the solar system on a planet believed (then) to actually exist.[14]: 170
Stephen L. Gillett, writing in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy (2005), described Mesklin as the prototypical example of an alien world vastly dissimilar to Earth,[15] while Gary Westfahl, in Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia (2021), commented that Mission of Gravity and "Whirligig World" together "effectively launched" the hard science fiction subgenre a few years before the term was even coined.[8]
See also
[edit]- Extrasolar planets in fiction
- Jinx, a strongly prolate (rugby football shaped) planet in Larry Niven's Known Space setting.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Stableford, Brian (1999). "Mesklin". The Dictionary of Science Fiction Places. Wonderland Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-684-84958-4.
- ^ a b c Goswami, Amit (1983). "The Planet of Mission of Gravity". The Cosmic Dancers: Exploring the Physics of Science Fiction. With Maggie Goswami. Harper & Row. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-06-015083-9.
- ^ a b c Morgan, Chris (1999). "Hal Clement". In Bleiler, Richard (ed.). Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day (2nd ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 215. ISBN 0-684-80593-6. OCLC 40460120.
- ^ a b Raham, Gary (2004). "The Physical Sciences". Teaching Science Fact with Science Fiction. Heinemann. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-313-07981-8.
- ^ Pierce, John J. (1987). "Aliens and Alien Worlds". Great Themes of Science Fiction: A Study in Imagination and Evolution. Greenwood Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-313-25456-7.
- ^ Clute, John; Langford, David (2023). "Clement, Hal". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-09-17.
- ^ May, Andrew (2023). "Gravity on Other Worlds". How Space Physics Really Works: Lessons from Well-Constructed Science Fiction. Science and Fiction. Springer. p. 31. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33950-9_2. ISBN 978-3-031-33950-9.
- ^ a b Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Clement, Hal". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
- ^ D'Ammassa, Don (2005). "Clement, Hal". Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Facts On File. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-8160-5924-9.
- ^ Husband, Janet G.; Husband, Jonathan F. (2009). "Clement, Hal". Sequels: An Annotated Guide to Novels in Series. American Library Association. ISBN 978-0-8389-0967-6.
- ^ Clement, Hal (June 1953). Campbell, John W. Jr. (ed.). "Whirligig World". Astounding Science Fiction. Vol. LI, no. 4. Street & Smith. pp. 102–114.
- ^ Kneale, James (2009). "Space". In Bould, Mark; Butler, Andrew M.; Roberts, Adam; Vint, Sherryl (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction. Routledge. p. 429. ISBN 978-1135228361.
- ^ Gary Westfahl (2005). "Hard Science Fiction". In David Seed (ed.). A Companion to Science Fiction. Blackwell. pp. 195–198. ISBN 1-4051-1218-2. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
- ^ Westfahl, Gary (July 1993). "'The Closely Reasoned Technological Story': The Critical History of Hard Science Fiction". Science Fiction Studies. 20 (2): 157–175. ISSN 0091-7729. JSTOR 4240246. Archived from the original on 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
Mission of Gravity is noteworthy not only as an impressive piece of planet-building, but as the first SF novel built on actual observational data involving another possible solar system
- ^ Gillett, Stephen L. (2005). "Alien Worlds". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
Further reading
[edit]- Allen, L. David (1974). "Mission of Gravity, Hal Clement (1954)". Science Fiction Reader's Guide. Centennial Press. pp. 103–111. ISBN 978-0-8220-1611-3.
- Bainbridge, William Sims (1986). "Hal Clement, Hard Scientist". Dimensions of Science Fiction. Harvard University Press. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-0-674-20725-7.
- Davenport, Basil (1955). "Scientific Science Fiction". Inquiry into Science Fiction. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 33–36.
- Hassler, Donald M. (1982). "The Irony in Hal Clement's World Building". In Wolfe, Gary K. (ed.). Science Fiction Dialogues. Academy Chicago Publishers. pp. 85–92. ISBN 978-0-89733-067-1.
- Lambourne, R. J.; Shallis, M. J.; Shortland, M. (1990). "The Science in Science Fiction". Close Encounters?: Science and Science Fiction. CRC Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-0-85274-141-2.
- Schmidt, Stanley (1995). "Case Studies: Mission of Gravity". Aliens and Alien Societies: A Writer's Guide to Creating Extraterrestrial Life-forms. Science Fiction Writing Series. Writer's Digest Books. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-89879-706-0.
- Stanway, Elizabeth (2024-03-11). "Peculiar Planets". Warwick University. Cosmic Stories Blog. Archived from the original on 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
- Wendland, Albert (1985). "Natural Conceptual Worlds". Science, Myth, and the Fictional Creation of Alien Worlds. Studies in Speculative Fiction. UMI Research Press. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-8357-1608-6.
- Westfahl, Gary (1996). "'Like Something Living': Hal Clement's Mission of Gravity". Cosmic Engineers: A Study of Hard Science Fiction. Greenwood Press. pp. 83–95. ISBN 978-0-313-29727-4.
External links
[edit]- Mesklin series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Depiction of Mesklin, from the cover of the Tor Books edition of Heavy Planet, from artist Stephan Martinière's site.
